Basic Computer

Basic Computer

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Fundamental of Computer: -

The term "Computer has been derived from Latin word Computare" which means – calculate. Similarly, in English language Calculate means to do mathematical operation. So, Computer is an electronic device which accepts raw data, processes it according to the specific instruction and gives the result as new information. This is also a digital operating device. But, the computers originated with a huge size and extreme processing capabilities.

Symbol and their meaning

Symbol	Name Of Symbol
\	Backward Slash
/	Forward slash
!	Exclamation
&	Ampersand
#	Hash
*	asterisk (star)
:	Colon
;	Semi colon
@	At the rate
$	Dollar

Screen (VDU) è Monitor is also output device called display
                              unit. VDU stand for visual display unit.                       

CPU (Central processing unit) è it is a main part of a computer. It is also known as system box (brain box). There are central unit (C.U) arithmetical and logical unit (ALU) and storage unit (main storage in a CPU.)

Printer à printer is an out put device which is use to print a document.

Mouse à input device

Characteristics of Computer:

Ø  Speed-It can carry out the computation very fast.

Ø  Accuracy-The results generated by computer are very accurate.

Ø  Versatility-It can process multiple types of data.

Ø  Automatic-If instructions are given correctly, it can work automatic.

Ø  Storage-It can store a huge amount of data.

Ø  Diligent-It is very hard-working in its work.

Software:

Software is a set of program which is used for different purpose. It is also defined as the program concerned with operation of the hardware in the data system.

Types of Software:-

          The software available in any computer can be divided into two types:

v  System Software:-The software required for running user program is known as system software. System software is the collection of the programs written for computer, which allows the user to develop and run programs.

Mainly system software is divided into two parts:

1. Operating system is a program:-which controls overall operations (activities) of the computer. It is the media point between the computer and operators, dos, UNIX, windows are the example of operating system.

2. Utility program:- Utility program are those programs, which are used for managing files or folders, working with  files or folders or drives and developing writing and testing the programs.

v  Application software:-The software written for special purpose (specific) in a specific language is known as application software. These programs perform certain task with respect to related program MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS- PowerPoint, adobe PageMaker, freehand, Photoshop, and AutoCAD are the examples of application software.

Input: Through which user can insert data or through which user can give instruction is called input unit. E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone.

Process: Process is the manipulation of data as per given instruction.

Memory: The capability to store the data is known as computer memory. Programs and data are stored in the memory unit of the CPU during processing. Memory consists of storage locations.

Memory can be classified into 2 types:

1) Primary memory: - It is also called the main memory or the central memory. This memory is resident (attach) on the motherboard. There are two types of primary memory:-

          a) ROM (Read Only Memory):-It is permanently in built into the computer at the time of its production. It stores a set of instruction and instructs the computer how to work. The user cannot change these instructions. ROM is non-volatile, that is, when computer goes off this instruction is not lost.

          b) RAM (Random Access Memory): - It is short-term memory of volatile memory. That is, when the computer is switched ON, the memory, which available to use is RAM, but when the computer is switched OFF, all the information disappears. RAM is temporary whereas ROM is permanent memory. It is read/write, memory i.e. user can either write on to this memory or read from it.

2) Secondary memory: - The secondary memory is the external memory. Secondary storage allows string large volumes of data. The contents of secondary storage are not lost when the power is turned OFF.

Secondary storage devices:

a. Hard Disk:

Hard disk is a large capacity, permanent storage area that offers access to the information stored on it. Hard disk is always fixed in the computer and cannot be removed. Huge number of data can be stored in this type of storage media.

b. Floppy Disk
Floppy disks are magnetically coated disks on which information; both programs and data typed from the keyboard, can be stored and retrieved. It is also called portable disk drive.

c. CD-ROM (Compact disk Read Only Memory):- It is non erasable disk used for storing computer data.

3. Control Unit:-

The control unit directs all operations inside the computer. It is known as nerve center of the computer because it controls and co-ordinates all hardware operations.

                                                                                                 

4. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):- It operates on the data available in the main memory and amends them back after processing once again to the main memory.

Output: Output is the processed data. It is also called result. E.g. Printer, Monitor/ Screen, Speaker.

Data: - Data is just like raw material which provides some meaningful result after processing.

The desktop                                                                                                                         

The most important change in windows 95/98, 2000, XP over earlier versions of windows is new interface called desktop. Desktop is the backdrop on which windows and icons of disks and applications reside. When you open a program or file, it appears in a window on the desktop.

Icons                                                                                                                                     

Icons are symbols or pictures that represent documents, applications, folders, devices and others. Initially you will see at least four icons on your windows 95/98, 2000, XP desktop.

My computer icon on the desktop opens a view into the resources of local computer.

Recycle bin is a holding place for all the deleted objects.

Network neighborhood icon is available, if the computer is part of a network or is equipped so it can be connected to one at some point.

My document icon it is use for default save location and to save document.

Taskbar :- The taskbar is long horizontal bar located at bottom of screen when you start window for the first time. By default, they are always visible when a window is running.

Starting with the start menu.

 When you click the start button, you see a menu that contains everything you need to begin using window.

Programà Display a list of programs you can start.

Documentsà Display a list of documents that you have opened previously .It can list 15 documents/program only.

Settingsà  Display a list of system components for which you can change settings.

Find/ searchà Enables you to find a folder file, shared computer or mail message.

Helpà Allows using help to find out how to do a task in windows.

Run à execute a program, when you type filename or command.

Shutdown/ turn off à Shuts down or restart your computer or close computer.

Windows components

A window is a rectangular area on the screen that represents a folder on the desktop. A running program or a document or dialog box in program.

a. Title bar

The title bar is located at the top of the screen. It displays the name of the application or document.

b. Control Menu box.

It is located, or in the upper left corner of each screen. It opens a control menu (also called system menu) containing commands to control the location, size and status of the windows.

c. Menu bar.

A one –line horizontal menu at the top of the screen below the title bar is called a menu bar. It contains a list of options such as file, edit, window, help etc. this makes it easier to learn new applications.

d. Scroll bar.

A scroll bar is a bar that appears at the bottom and right edge of a window whose contents are not entirely visible.

e. Work space.

Work space is the part/ portion of a window that is inside the frame and under the title bar and menu bar. This is also called client area.

f. Maximize button.

Maximize button displayed at the centre of the three buttons, displayed on the right corner of the title bar. When you click on the middle, button the window will become the full screen size of your desktop.

g. Minimize button.

Minimize button collapse a window and makes it disappear from the screen, if want to open a new window while working in another window, you need not close the current window.

h. Restore button.

When a window is maximized, its maximize button is replaced by a restore button.

I. Close button.

 You can close any window, which is currently open by clicking on the close button.

About mouse:

Point: - : Place the mouse pointer to the specified object.

Click: - press and release left mouse button.

Right click: - Press and release right mouse button.

Double click: - press and release left mouse button twice quick.

Dragging and dropping: - place the mouse pointer on the object and press mouse left button, hold it down and move to specified location and drop it.

How to open a program?

Click on start button.

Point to program.

Click on specified program which you want to open.

 How to close a program?

Click on close button.

Or

Choose file > exit from menu bar

Or

Press Alt +F4 key

Or

Right click on title bar and choose close from menu.

Or

Click on control menu box and choose close

To open a document:

Click on start button.

Click on document.

Click on required document which you want to open.

Creating folder in desktop:-

Right click on blank area of desktop and choose new.

Click on folder option.

Type new name for the folder and press enter key.

Creating new folder into an existing folder:-

Double click on a folder.

Choose file > new > folder

Type new name for the folder and press enter key.

Selecting multiple object (folder, shortcut, doc file) à

Click on the object to select an object.

to select different object, hold down ctrl key and click on different object

To select different object continuously, hold down shift key and drag the mouse pointer near the specified object.

To select all objects at a time, press ctrl+A.

Deselecting object à

To deselect all objects, click left mouse button on empty area.

To deselect different object press ctrl + clicking.

To invert the selection, choose edit > invert selection.

Opening object à

Double click on the object

Or

Right click on the object and choose open.

Or

Select the object (s) and choose file > open.

Or

Select the object and press enter key.

Renaming object à
Right click on the object and choose rename and type new name for the object and press enter.

Or ,
       Select the object and choose file> rename and type new name for the object and press enter  
       key.

Or

Click on the name of the object, click again and type new name for the object and press enter

 Key.

Using recycle bin à

To get deleted objects back again or to delete objects permanently.

Double click on recycle bin icon shows temporarily deleted objects

To undelete objects & restore them to their original locations.

 Select the objects then right click & choose restore or, choose File > restore from menu bar.

To undelete objects & put them wherever you want, select the objects then find the place where you want them to appear & drag them to appropriate spot.

to delete objects permanently from recycle bin & the disk, select the objects then right click & choose delete or , click on the delete button in the tool bar or , choose file > delete from the menu bar. Choose Yes to delete the object.

To delete all objects permanently at a time, right click on the recycle bin icon on the desktop & choose empty recycle bin from property menu or, choose Yes to confirm the dead.

To restore the most recent deleted objects from the recycle bin to their original locations, choose Edit> undo delete from the menu bar or, click on the undo delete button in the tool bar.

Copying & Moving objects or files/folders :

1.    Select the objects which you want to copy or move.

2.    press ctrl + C or, Choose Edit > Copy or, Right click & choose copy ( for copying  the objects)

3.    Press ctrl + X or, choose Edit > cut or right click & choose cut (for moving the objects).

4.    Open the destination folder & select the place.

5.    Press ctrl + V or, Edit > paste or, Right click & choose paste (to copy or moved the objects.)

Browsing with my computer

1.    Double click on my computer icon.

2.    double click on drive letter(A: or C: or D: etc)

3.    Double click on folder & sub folder until required folders or files are not found.

 Move, copy, delete and rename the objects as required

To display the properties of the objects

To display the properties ( type of object, creation date, location, name, size, modification date, attribute- hidden, read only, system, archive etc.) of the selected object.

Select the object.

Choose file > properties or, choose properties button from tool bar.

Arrange icons in different order

1. choose view > arrange icons> name (name wise alphabetic order)
2. choose view > arrange icons > size( size wise order-smallest first)
3. choose view > arrange icons > date (date wise order – smallest first)
4. choose view > arrange > auto arrange (automatic order)

OR

Right click on blank space > choose arrange icon by> choose the style you like.

Finding files or folder.

1.    Choose start> Search > files or folder.

2.    Click on All file and folders.

3.    Select name and location tab (if not selected).

4.    Click the named box. And then type the name of files or folder (partial or full name) you want to find.

5.    Specify where to search. Click the arrow next to look in box, or browse.

6.    Click the find now button to start the search.

7.    Click the new search button and ok button to clear the current search.

About Mouse:

To change the mouse settings

Buttons

1.            choose start >settings > control panel

2.            or

3.            Double click on my computer icon & double click on control panel.

4.            Double click on mouse icon.

5.            If buttons tab is not selected, select it.

6.            choose buttons configuration ( right handed or left handed)

7.            change double click speed (slow or fast)

8.            Click ok button.

Display of Desktopà

Background: to change the background of desktop.

1.     Right click on desktop & choose properties.

2.    If background tab is not selected, select it.

3.    Choose wallpaper option from drop down list (ed. Clouds forest etc.)

4.    choose display option (tile or center or stretch)

5.    Choose pattern option from drop down list & then click on edit pattern button.

6.    Under pattern editor, change the pattern & click on change or done button.

7.    Click on ok button.

Screen saver:

To apply screen saver:

1.    Right click on desktop > click on properties.

2.    Select screen saver tab.

3.    Choose screen saver option from the list (e.g. - flying window, 3D text.)

4.    Click on setting button (especially for 3D text. Or scrolling Marquee)

5.    Type the text in text box.

6.    Move the size speed & resolution slider left or right.

7.    Double click format buttons & choose font, font size and color.

8.    Click on ok button twice.

9.    type minutes in minute box (wait)

10. Click on preview button to show screen saver.

11. Click on ok button.

 Appearance:

To change the appearance of windows:

1.    Right click on desktop > click on properties.

2.    Click on appearance tab.

3.    Choose one item from item list (desktop, menu, icon etc.

4.    choose one scheme from scheme list (windows standard, rose, pinks)

5.    Choose color from color list, font from font list, size from size list & click on ok or apply button.

Settings:

1.    Right click on desktop > click on properties.

2.    Click on settings tab.

3.    Choose color palette from color palette list.

4.    Change the default desktop area with the help of slider.

5.    Choose font size from the list.

6.    click on advance properties for advance display properties ( adapter, monitor & performance)

7.    Click on ok or apply button.